ABSTRACT Brazil is home to many mountain ranges which harbor diverse avifauna. However, studies on the altitudinal distribution of Brazilian birds are still few and many have never been published, hampering both the dissemination of basic information and conservation actions. Here we present a critical review of ornithological studies undertaken in Brazilian mountain ranges, and propose a classification of geographic scope, altitudinal gradient, and methodology. Since 1922, 184 ornithological studies included altitude in some way in Brazil, encompassing a variety of research topics and species. About a quarter of these studies were never published in peer-reviewed journals, and 39% do not provide basic data on elevation nor link the bird species with sampling plots, thus limiting their applicability. The majority of studies are concentrated (83%) in southern and southeastern Brazil, especially in the Serra do Mar range, and so most data are associated with the Atlantic Forest. Gaps remain in other regions, such as Amazonia (Pantepui region). Most studies either did not sample the entire elevation gradient, were not standardized, lacked explicit hypothesis, or did not account for a seasonal sampling embracing the four seasons of the year, so interpretation of the observed patterns remains difficult. With this compilation, we organize the available information and point to future altitudinal research on birds, in addition to highlighting the importance of preserving habitats along altitudinal gradients in the mountainous regions in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Birds’ seasonal altitudinal movements in Brazil are poorly understood. The main source of information and has fostered interest since the 1980s. However, most of the available information is anecdotal, sources are repeatedly cited, and the information provided is quite superficial and speculative. Through bibliographic searches, we found 107 studies, 83 (77%) of which we consider valid, and only 63 (59%) were peer-reviewed. Most studies were carried out in southern and southeastern Brazil. Only 11 studies explicitly addressed seasonal altitudinal movements. Surprisingly, none of the studies simultaneously comprised a full year of study, standardized sampling methods, and encompassed the entire altitudinal range through which the birds might have moved. As a consequence, the quality of the data is questionable, and the expression “altitudinal migration” is unlikely to be accurate and has never been unequivocally demonstrated for birds in Brazil. Mention of “altitudinal migration” was found for 68 bird species, but these must be more clearly defined and appropriately tested.

Abstract Green areas in urban landscapes are under strong anthropogenic pressure, and, at the same time are fundamental to maintaining biodiversity, as they provide resources for many animal and plant species. Knowing these species is fundamental for its maintenance and conservation, and inventories are extremely important for monitoring fauna and conserving it. Therefore, the goal of this research is to inventory the butterflies species in the park of the Instituto Butantan (Ibu), located in an urban area in the city of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The surveys of butterflies were conducted through visual censuses from August 2017 to July 2019 and recorded a total of 324 butterfly species. The most speciose family was Hesperiidae, followed by Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, and Papilionidae. Among the sampled species, there is Euselasia zara which is a new record for the state of São Paulo. Neither the species accumulation nor the richness estimator curves tended to reach an asymptote, suggesting that additional butterflies’ species will be recorded with more sampling effort on the site. Even with a flora composed mainly of exotic and ornamental plants, the park of Instituto Butantan exhibits a very rich butterfly community. This community exhibits a pattern of seasonally variation, with the peak of species richness related to the rainy season. When compared with Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira (USP), another nearby urban green area, which is larger, more heterogeneous and sampled over a longer period, it is possible to notice that the Ibu butterfly community is a subsample of this larger one. These results highlight the potential that urban parks have for the maintenance and conservation of butterfly species.

ABSTRACT Background: The evaluation of the integrity of a river involves the analysis of different aspects of its environment and the ecosystem itself. Goal. In the present study, the abiotic and biotic quality of the Cupatitzio river was characterized using multiple indicators. Methods: An analysis of the coverage of the different land uses in the basin was carried out, 16 physicochemical variables of the water were measured, and aquatic invertebrates were identified and quantified in 20 monitoring sites. Water quality index (NSF-WQI) and biological indices (Shannon-Wiener, Pielou, and Indicator Species Analysis) were calculated, and multivariate statistical methods were applied. Results: Most of the sites present an important coverage of human settlements and agriculture, and the lowest value for natural vegetation. Consequently, the beginning of the river presented a modification in its channel which reduced the value of biological indicators. Overall water quality is medium for the river, related to the presence of organic matter with high values of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (maximum 22.82 mg/L) and nutrients (maximum NO3 of 12.39 mg/L and NH4 of 7.31 mg/L). The dominant families were Chironomidae, Lumbriculidae, Gammaridae, and Baetidae. A significant spatial and temporal difference in family abundance was detected (A=0.061, P=0.0007, and A=0.247, P=0.000008, respectively). Six of the 77 families were identified as significant indicators. Conclusions: Only at dry season there was more concordance between environmental quality and aquatic organisms’ indicators. A protocol of the analyses is presented for implementation in other aquatic ecosystems and it is recommended the necessity to calibrate and validate biological indicator indices (e. g., BMWP) to improve interpretation.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La evaluación de la integridad de un río involucra el análisis de diferentes aspectos de su entorno y del propio ecosistema. Objetivos: En el presente estudio se caracterizó la calidad abiótica y biótica del río Cupatitzio utilizando múltiples indicadores. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de la cobertura de los diferentes usos del suelo en la cuenca, se registraron 16 variables fisicoquímicos del agua, se identificaron y cuantificaron los invertebrados acuáticos en 20 sitios. Se calcularon el índice de calidad del agua (NSF-WQI) y los índices biológicos (Shannon-Wiener, Pielou e Indicator Species Analysis) y se aplicaron métodos estadísticos multivariados. Resultados: La mayoría de los sitios presentan una importante cobertura de asentamientos humanos y agricultura con el menor valor para la vegetación natural. En consecuencia, el inicio del río presentó una modificación en su cauce lo que redujo el valor de los indicadores biológicos. La calidad del agua es mayormente media, relacionada a la presencia de materia orgánica con altos valores de Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno (máximo de 22.82 mg/L) y nutrientes (máximos de NO3 de 12.39 mg/L y NH4 de 7.31 mg/L). Las familias dominantes fueron Chironomidae, Lumbriculidae, Gammaridae y Baetidae. Se detectó una diferencia significativa tanto espacial como temporal en la abundancia de las familias (A=0.061, P=0.0007 y A=0.247, P=0.000008, respectivamente). Se identificaron 6 de las 77 familias como indicadores significativos. Conclusiones: Solo en estiaje se presentó más concordancia entre la calidad ambiental y los macroinvertebrados indicadores. Se presenta un protocolo de análisis para su implementación en otros ecosistemas acuáticos y se ve la necesidad de incorporar otros índices de indicadores biológicos (p. ej., BMWP) calibrados y validados para mejorar la interpretación.

ABSTRACT Altitudinal migration in birds comprises seasonal movements between breeding and non-breeding areas in mountainous regions, attributed to biotic and abiotic factors. Different authors have suggested the existence of altitudinal migration between high and low areas of the mountains of the Atlantic Forest, with movement from high to low during the winter when birds would be fleeing the cold and in search of food, but there is no documented evidence. Through recaptures of understory birds, we investigated possible altitudinal migration in a region of the Atlantic Forest in Southeast Brazil. Twenty mist-nets were set at four locations between 15 and 729 m a.s.l. during 143 days of field work, distributed over 54 months and covering all seasons of the year. A total of 1946 birds (98 species) were captured/banded with 558 being recaptured (28.6%; 45 species). However, only 42 of the recaptures were at a different elevation. Most of the movements were of short distances and performed only once by birds, showing no seasonal pattern. These movements may be better interpreted as daily movements undertaken by birds of mixed-species flocks looking for food or moving around their respective home-ranges. Our results show that mist-nets may not be an effective tool in detecting altitudinal movements of birds and that other methods should be evaluated for this purpose.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Three-dimensional (3D) printing is positioned as a complement to health sciences education due to its versatility and specific applications in various areas. Objective: Describe the perception of Occupational Therapy students about an experience of design and manufacture of orthoses/prostheses. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The population corresponded to students of Occupational Therapy career, studying fifth semester. The sample was of an intentional type. An academic experience was implemented. The perception that the students had about the experience was evaluated through a structured survey in a Likert format, the answers were analyzed according to the frequency of responses for each item. Ethical aspects were safeguarded through informed consents. Results: Eight students participated, who “Strongly agree” or “Agree” with most of the statements, highlighting the contribution of the intervention for teaching purposes. Conclusion: 3D printing applied to the field of design and manufacture of orthoses/prostheses was a well-evaluated experience. It is possible to be implemented for the acquisition of the necessary skills for orthoses/prostheses manufacture. It is concluded that the use of 3D printing in education, as well as in clinical applications has concrete options for implementation.

RESUMEN Introducción: La impresión en tres dimensiones (3D) se posiciona como complemento para la educación en ciencias de la salud debido a su versatilidad y aplicaciones concretas en diversos ámbitos. Objetivo: Describir la percepción de estudiantes de Terapia Ocupacional sobre una experiencia de diseño y fabricación de órtesis/prótesis. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y de corte transversal. La población correspondió a estudiantes de la carrera de Terapia Ocupacional cursando quinto semestre. La muestra fue de tipo intencionada. Se implementó una experiencia académica. Se evaluó la percepción que los estudiantes tuvieron sobre la experiencia a través de encuesta estructurada en formato tipo Likert, las respuestas fueron analizadas según frecuencia de respuestas para cada ítem. Se resguardaron aspectos éticos a través de consentimientos informados. Resultados: Participaron ocho estudiantes, quienes estuvieron “Muy de acuerdo” o “De acuerdo” con la mayoría de las aseveraciones, destacando el aporte de la intervención con fines docentes. Conclusión: La impresión 3D aplicada al ámbito de diseño y fabricación de órtesis/prótesis fue una experiencia bien evaluada. Es posible de ser implementada para la adquisición de las habilidades necesarias para la confección de órtesis/prótesis. Se concluye que el uso de la impresión 3D en la educación, así como en aplicaciones clínicas tiene opciones concretas de implementación.

Abstract Salmonella is one of the main bacteria causing foodborne illness. Research into antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella is increasingly important as treatment of salmonellosis becomes more difficult. An analysis was done of samples from pig carcasses in two slaughterhouse types (federal-inspected and municipal) in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. Thirty-eight Salmonella strains were isolated, with fewer (P<0.05) strains (n= 1) in the federal-inspected slaughterhouse than in the municipal one (n= 37). This difference is probably due to stricter sanitation measures in the federal-inspected slaughterhouse. The main identified Salmonella serotypes were London (44.7 %), Anatum (15.8 %), and Agona, Muenchen and Typhimurium (7.9 %). Resistance was broadest against aminoglycosides (100 %), tetracyclines (73.7 %) and ciprofloxacin (44.7 %). Most (66.6 %) of the strains were resistant to three or four different antimicrobial classes. Presence of the gene coding for integrase 1 was confirmed. In the sampled slaughterhouses Salmonella strains have acquired genetic elements promoting resistance to different antimicrobial classes, potentially complicating treatment of infections caused by them. Implementation of better practices and compliance with existing regulations could contribute to reducing the frequency of Salmonella isolates in the sampled slaughterhouses.

Resumen Salmonella es una de las principales bacterias que originan enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. El estudio de la resistencia mostrada por Salmonella a diferentes antimicrobianos ha cobrado importancia en los últimos años debido a las complicaciones en el tratamiento de las infecciones causadas por cepas resistentes. Este estudio muestra el perfil de resistencia de cepas de Salmonella aisladas en dos rastros que se diferencian en los procesos de sacrificio y faenado del ganado porcino. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que el rastro que ha implementado y cumple con los procesos sanitarios de obtención de la carne tiene una menor cantidad de aislamientos de Salmonella (1.3 %), que aquel cuyas prácticas de higiene son menos rigurosas (46.8 %) (P<0.05). Los principales serotipos de Salmonella encontrados fueron London (44.7 %), Anatum (15.8 %), Agona, Muenchen y Typhimurium (7.9 %). La resistencia a los aminoglucósidos (100 %), tetraciclinas (73.7 %) y ciprofloxacina (44.7 %) fueron predominantes en los aislamientos evaluados. El 66.6 % de las cepas evaluadas fueron resistentes a 3 ó 4 clases diferentes de antimicrobianos, y se encontró la presencia del gen que codifica para la integrasa 1. Los resultados muestran que Salmonella ha adquirido diferentes elementos genéticos que la vuelven resistente a diferentes clases de antimicrobianos, complicando el tratamiento de una infección causada por este patógeno. Así mismo, sugieren que la implementación y cumplimiento de los procesos sanitarios de obtención de la carne del ganado porcino disminuyen los aislamientos de Salmonella en las canales.

Background: Cannabis use among young people in Chile has increased significantly in the last years. There is a consistent link between cannabis and psychosis. Aim: To compare cannabis use in patients with a first episode of psychosis and healthy controls. Material and Methods: We included 74 patients aged 20 ± 3 years (78% males) admitted to hospital with a first episode of psychosis and a group of 60 healthy controls aged 23 ± 4 years (63% males). Cannabis consumption was assessed, including age of first time use and length of regular use. Results: Patients with psychosis reported a non-significantly higher frequency of life-time cannabis use. Patients had longer periods of regular cannabis use compared with healthy subjects (Odds ratio [OR] 2.4; 95% confi-dence intervals [CI] 1.14-5.05). Patients also used cannabis for the first time at an earlier age (16 compared with 17 years, p < 0.0). The population attributable fraction for regular cannabis use associated with hospital admissions due to psychosis was 17.7% (95% CI 1.2-45.5%). Conclusions: Cannabis use is related to psychosis in this Chilean group of patients. This relationship is stronger in patients with early exposure to the drug and longer the regular use. One of every five admissions due to psychosis is associated with cannabis consumption. These data should influence cannabis legisla-tion and the public policies currently being discussed in Chile.

Abstract Flower of Jamaica is rich in phenolic compounds mainly anthocyanins and flavonoids such as delphinidin-3-sambubioside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-sambubioside, quercetin and kaempferol. The objective ofthis work was to study the stability of the antioxidants of the wine of Jamaica flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) during itsstorage. For this, the wine was stored at an ambient temperature of 20°C and at a refrigeration temperature of 6°C. At 0, 7 and 14 days the physicochemical characteristics, turbidity, color, polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity were determined. Regarding the physicochemical characteristics (soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity) the wine did not present differences between samples stored in the environment and refrigeration. The color of all the samples showed high absorbances in a range between 515 and 520nm representative of the pigments that reflect the red color, which correspond to a high concentration of anthocyanins. The stability of the polyphenol content did not show significant differences during storage, however the samples subjected to refrigeration had a lower phenolic content and a lower inhibition percentage of the ABTS radical. Consequently, the storage of Jamaica flower wine at room temperature presents greater antioxidant capacity, inhibiting free radicals and decreasing the oxidation of phenolic compounds present in wine, extending its shelf life.

Resumen Se ha determinado que la Flor de Jamaica es rica en compuestos fenólicos principalmente antocianinas y flavonoides como la delfinidina-3-sambubiosido, delfinidina-3-glucósido, cianidina-3-glucósido, cianidina-3-sambubiosido, quercetina y kaempferol. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la estabilidad de los antioxidantes del vino de flor de Jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) durante su almacenamiento. Para ello, el vino fue almacenado a una temperatura ambiente de 20◦C y a temperatura de refrigeración de 6°C. A los 0, 7 y 14 días se determinó las características fisi- coquímicas, turbidez, color, el contenido de polifenoles y capacidad antioxidante. Con respecto a las características fisicoquímicas (sólidos solubles, pH y acidez titulable) el vino no presentó diferencias entre muestras almacenadas en ambiente y refrigeración. El color de todas las muestras presento altos de absorbancias en un rango de 515 y 520nm representativo de los pigmentos de color rojo, que corresponden a una alta concentración de antocianinas. La estabilidad del contenido de polifenoles no presentó diferencias significativas durante su almacenamiento, pero en refrigeración tuvieron un contenido fenólico menor, y menor porcentaje de inhibición del radical ABTS para las muestras sometidas a refrigeración. El almacenamiento del vino de flor de Jamaica a temperatura ambiente presenta mayor capacidad antioxidante, inhibiendo los radicales libres y disminuyendo la oxidación de compuestos fenólicos presentes en el vino,alargando su vida útil.

RESUMEN Actualmente, los sistemas de refrigeración ajustan sus estructuras de control con el objetivo de atender, de una forma efectiva, a las exigencias de diferentes aplicaciones. Como consecuencia, la estructura centralizada frecuentemente utilizada ha evolucionado hacia una estructura distribuida que ofrece una mayor flexibilidad y respuesta a las actuales exigencias del mercado. Sin embargo, una correcta especificación de este tipo de estructuras demanda la superación de varios retos, tales como: gerenciamiento de recursos especializados, métodos de integración, coordinación de los subsistemas independientes, claridad en la información, incremento en la dinámica del sistema, entre otros. Este trabajo abordó el modelado del sistema del enfriamiento secundario del laboratorio de refrigeración de la Escuela de Ingeniería Mecánica en la Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia), considerando una estructura distribuida mediante la integración de varias herramientas de modelado, como diagrama de casos de uso de UML y Red de Petri Coloreadas. Donde, a partir del modelo estructural y mediante refinamientos sucesivos, se alcanzó la representación del comportamiento del sistema.

ABSTRACT Currently, cooling systems adjust their control structures with the objective of satisfying the demands of different applications. In consequence, the centralized structure frequently used in this type of applications has evolved towards a distributed structure to increase the quality of response to the current demands of the market. However, a correct specification of this type of structure demands several challenges to be overcome, such as the management of specialized resources, integration methods, coordination of independent subsystems, clarity of information, and increased dynamics of systems. This study addressed the modelling of the secondary cooling system that is located in the refrigeration laboratory of the School of Mechanical Engineering at the Universidad del Valle in Cali, Colombia. A distributed structure was considered by the integration of several modelling tools, such as Coloured Petri nets. Using the structural model and successive refinements, the system behaviour representation was obtained.

Abstract: Integration of meroplankton abundance and hydrographic data was employed to relate the Polygordius exolarvae spatial dynamics with different salinity gradients in order to define the factors that regulate the abundance and spatial distribution along the large estuarine system from southern Chile. The present study aims: i) record the abundance and spatial distribution of Polygordius neustonic exolarvae along of the estuaries with different gradients of salinity located between Guafo Channel, southern Chiloé Island (44° S) to Navarino Island (55° S), Chile; ii) connect this distributional pattern to oceanographic parameters to determine if members of this genus have adapted to euryhaline or stenohaline conditions, and iii) establish a comparison between the abundance of Polygordius and others meroplanktonic taxa collected during CIMAR Cruises 16, 18 and 20 Fjords. Neustonic samples were collected during three oceanographic cruises along southern Chilean fjord/channel systems (~ 1,700 km) with different freshwater supply regimes (CIMAR 16: October/November, 2010, 52° to 55° S; CIMAR 18: June/July, 2012, 44° to 47° S; CIMAR 20: October, 2014, 47° to 50° S), providing evidence to relate the influence of surface salinity on the Polygordius exolarvae spatial distribution of abundance. Polygordius exolarvae (average length=2.9 ± 0.8 mm), the most abundant meroplanktonic taxa within the neustonic community (54.04% of total abundance; 66,228 individuals; NTotal=26 stations), was represented at 81% of stations sampled in CIMAR 16 (mean salinity=30.7 psu), showing higher abundance (1,518 ind. x 5 min of horizontal drag) than for other polychaete larvae (10 types) and other meroneustonic taxa; 60% of the abundance of exolarvae during CIMAR 16 was collected around Dawson Island, Magellan Strait. In CIMAR 18 cruise (mean salinity=24.28 psu), abundance of exolarvae was low (3 ind. x 5 min of horizontal drag) and were collected only at 5 stations along the Moraleda Channel (NTotal=31 stations); no exolarvae were collected duringTCotaIlMAR 20 (Ntotal=39 stations) (mean salinity= 23.26 psu). Polygordius exolarvae have narrow haline/thermal requirements during their pelagic life, where sills and island mass effect could produce a restricted and aggregated spatial distribution in some areas of the study zone.

Resumen: Se integraron datos hidrográficos y abundancia del meroplancton para determinar la posible influencia de la salinidad sobre la dinámica espacial de la abundancia de exolarvas del poliqueto Polygordius sp. en estuarios del sur de Chile. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: i) determinar la abundancia y la distribución espacial de exolarvas neustónicas del poliqueto Polygordius en una zona estuarial con diferentes gradientes de salinidad localizada entre el canal Guafo, sur de isla de Chiloé (44° S) hasta isla Navarino (55° S), Chile; ii) relacionar este patrón distribucional con las características oceanográficas de la zona de estudio para determinar la respuesta adaptativa de las larvas ante gradientes halinos y termales, y, iii) comparar la abundancia larval de Polygordius en relación a otros taxa meroplanctónicos recolectados durante los cruceros CIMAR 16, 18 y 20. El análisis del neuston de la zona de fiordos y canales del sur de Chile posee diferentes regímenes de aportes de agua dulce (CIMAR 16 - octubre/noviembre de 2010 y 52° a 55° de latitud; CIMAR - 18 junio/julio, 2012 y 44° a 47° de latitud; CIMAR - 20 octubre/noviembre de 2014 y 47° a 50° de latitud), demostrando una relación entre la salinidad superficial y la abundancia de exolarvae. Las exolarvas de Polygordius (longitud promedio=2,9 ± 0,8 mm) fueron el estadio meroneustónico más abundante dentro de la comunidad (54,04% de la abundancia total; 66.228 individuos; N=26 estaciones) y estuvieron representadas en 81% de las estaciones de CIMAR 16 (salinidad promedio=30,7 psu) y dominaron en abundancia sobre larvas de otros poliquetos (10 tipos); en CIMAR 16, 60% de las exolarvas se recolectaron alrededor de la isla Dawson, estrecho de Magallanes. En CIMAR 18 (salinidad promedio=24,28 psu), las exolarvas solo fueron recolectadas a lo largo del canal Moraleda (N=5/31 estaciones). En CIMAR 20 (N=39 estaciones), no fueron recolectadas exolarvas (salinidad promedio=23,26 psu). Las exolarvas de Polygordius poseen estrechos requerimientos de temperatura y salinidad durante su vida pelágica, y la agregación de larvas podría ser provocada por umbrales submarinos y efecto isla en la zona de estudio.

Resumen: Este artículo presenta los resultados de la implementación de una metodología para la estimación de los parámetros eléctricos de un generador sincrónico basada en mediciones de laboratorio y utilizando métodos de optimización no lineal, con la finalidad de mejorar la representación de la máquina sincrónica que podría ser utilizada en estudios de sistemas eléctricos de potencia. Para ello se realizaron pruebas bajo la Norma IEEE 115 en el Laboratorio de Máquinas Eléctricas de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional. Estos parámetros obtenidos constituyen el punto de partida para la herramienta de estimación de parámetros que ayudará a sintonizar la respuesta de la máquina. Luego, se aplica una perturbación eléctrica a la máquina para obtener una respuesta experimental en forma de oscilograma. La perturbación se replica en MATLAB-Simulink para obtener la respuesta simulada de la máquina en la forma de un oscilograma. La etapa final utiliza como recurso la herramienta de identificación de parámetros de MATLAB-Simulink para sintonizar los parámetros eléctricos al modelo de la máquina sincrónica. Con la aplicación de esta metodología se encuentra que la respuesta simulada del generador sincrónico mejora y reproduce adecuadamente los valores medidos.

Abstract: This technical article implements a methodology for estimating synchronous generator electrical parameters based on laboratory measurements using nonlinear optimization methods towards improving the representation of synchronous machines for power system studies. The proposed work is achieved by using the IEEE Standard 115 to obtain the parameters of a synchronous generator at the Laboratory of Electric Machines of the National Polytechnic School. These obtained parameters will constitute the starting point for the parameter estimation tool to aid fine tune the response of the synchronous machine. Next, a disturbance is applied to the machine, to obtain an experimental response in the form of an oscillography. This disturbance is replicated on MATLAB-Simulink, to obtain the simulated response for the machine in the form of an oscillography as well. The final stage uses as a resource the MATLAB-Simulink parameter estimation tool to tune the electrical parameters of the synchronous machine model. By applying this methodology, it is shown that the simulated response of the synchronous machine is improved and resembles adequately to the measured values.

Abstract: The objective of this research was to study the effect of the clarification process by tangential microfiltration (MFT) and the static clarification in cold at 6 °C for six days, on the content of polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity of the Jamaica flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) wine, made from fresh chalices. Physicochemical analyzes (soluble solids, pH, turbidity, titratable acidity expressed as tartaric and malic acid, color and turbidity) and biochemical analyzes were performed by spectrophotometry of total polyphenols content (Folin-Ciocalteu method) and antioxidant capacity (TEAC method). The antioxidant capacity of the fermented wort without clarification treatment was superior to the fermented wort clarified by MFT at 2 bar and inferior to the fermented wort clarified in cold at 6 °C and for six days. The antioxidant activity of the fermented must clarified by MFT at 2 bar is lower compared to the cold static clarification process with an antioxidant activity of 8.21 mM of Trolox equivalent / 100 ml. The process of clarification in cold at 6 °C and for six days contains greater capacity of antioxidant, but in function of the cleaning (NTU) as attribute of quality is low in comparison to the one obtained by tangential microfiltration to 2 bar.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar el efecto del proceso de clarificación por microfiltración tangencial (MFT) y por clarificación estática en frío a 6 °C por seis días, sobre el contenido de polifenoles y capacidad antioxidante del vino de flor de Jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) elaborado a partir de cálices frescos. Se realizaron análisis fisicoquímicos (sólidos solubles, pH, turbidez, acidez titulable expresada como ácido tartárico y málico, color y turbidez) y bioquímicos por espectrofotometría del contenido de polifenoles totales (método Folin-Ciocalteu) y de la capacidad antioxidante (método TEAC). La capacidad antioxidante del mosto fermentado sin tratamiento de clarificación fue superior al mosto fermentado clarificado por MFT a 2 bar e inferior al mosto fermentado clarificado en frío a 6 °C y por seis días. La actividad antioxidante del mosto fermentado clarificado por MFT a 2 bar es inferior en comparación con el proceso de clarificación estática en frío con una actividad antioxidante de 8.21 mM equivalentes de Trolox/ 100 ml. El proceso de clarificación en frío a 6 °C y por seis días contiene mayor capacidad antioxidante, pero en función a la limpidez (NTU) como atributo de calidad es baja en comparación al vino obtenido por microfiltración tangencial a 2 bar.

Abstract: The epilithic algae and cyanoprokaryotes that inhabit the Archaeological Zone of Yaxchilán, Chiapas, cover most of the walls of buildings; it is a site located in the Lacandon Jungle, next to the Usumacinta river with a very high relative humidity. The aim of this work was to document the species of algae and cyanoprokaryotes that grow on the archaeological monuments of this area, based on the microscopic morphology. From 135 samples collected between 2006 and 2008, 49 species were identified: 25 Chroococcales, 12 Nostocales and 3 Oscillatoriales of Cyanoprokaryota; 3 Chlorellales and 4 Trentepohliales of Chlorophyta and 2 Naviculales of Bacillariophyta. We describe 9 species that are new records for Mexico and all the species found are illustrated as a reference. The ecological valence of the species allows to characterize the flora with affinity to a karst substrate with a basic pH and under fluctuating light, humidity and temperature conditions during the day. Finally, the need to preserve flora and monuments following control strategies based on knowledge of the life cycles of epilithic organisms is pointed out. This is the first study on algae and cyanoprokaryotes in the archaeological zone of Yaxchilán.

Resumen: Las algas y cianoprocariontes epilíticas que habitan en la Zona Arqueológica de Yaxchilán, Chiapas, cubren la mayoría de los muros de los edificios; es un sitio que se encuentra en la Selva Lacandona, junto al río Usumacinta con una humedad relativa muy alta. El objetivo de este trabajo fue documentar las especies de algas y cianoprocariontes que crecen sobre los monumentos arqueológicos de esta zona, con base en la morfología microscópica. De 135 muestras recolectadas entre 2006 y 2008, se identificaron 49 especies: 25 Chroococcales, 12 Nostocales y 3 Oscillatoriales de Cyanoprokaryota; 3 Chlorellales y 4 Trentepohliales de Chlorophyta y 2 Naviculales de Bacillariophyta. Se describen 9 especies que son nuevos registros para México y todas las especies encontradas son ilustradas como referencia. La valencia ecológica de las especies permite caracterizar la flora con afinidad a un sustrato calcáreo con un pH básico y en condiciones de iluminación, humedad y temperatura fluctuantes durante el día. Finalmente, se señala la necesidad de conservar la flora y los monumentos siguiendo estrategias de control basadas en el conocimiento de los ciclos de vida de los organismos epilíticos. Este es el primer estudio sobre las algas y cianoprocariontes de la zona arqueológica de Yaxchilán.